This is an in-depth guide to the memorandum and articles of association of a company (MEMART).
Here you will learn
- meaning of Memorandum of Association
- meaning of Articles of Association
- Contents of Memorandum of Association
- Contents of Articles of Association
- Legal effects of memorandum and articles of association
- sample of memorandum and articles of association
- Memorandum and Articles of Association pdf
- Memorandum and Articles of Association word
- etc.
In Tanzania, the Memorandum and Articles of Association are governed by the Companies Act, 2002 (Act No. 12 of 2002). This Act provides the legal framework for the formation, operation, and regulation of companies in Tanzania.
Table of Contents
Memorandum of Association
The memorandum of association is a primary document that contains fundamental conditions upon which the company is allowed to be incorporated and operate. It is a charter of the company and defines its reason for existence.
A Memorandum of association also regulates the external affairs of the company in relation to outsiders.
The purpose of the memorandum of association is to enable shareholders and those who deal with the company to know what its permitted range of enterprise is. It does not only show the object of the formation of a company but also the utmost possible scope of it.
The memorandum defines the area beyond which the action of the company cannot go; inside that area, the shareholders may make such regulations for their own governance as they think fit.
The importance of the memorandum of a company can be gauged by the fact that it contains rules regarding the capital structure of the company, the liability of its members, and the scope of activities.
Contents of Memorandum of Association
The memorandum of association contains six clauses. Clause one is the company name clause, clause two is the registered office of the company clause, clause three is the objects of the company clause, clause four is the Liability Clause, clause five is the capital clause, and clause six is the Association Clause.
Clause I: The Name of the Company
The name of the company establishes the identity and is a symbol of the company. The promoters have to choose the name with which the company is to be registered. They should avoid undesirable names, names that are misleading or too similar.
No company is to be registered with a name that is similar to the existing company. This is due to the fact that the name of a company is part of its business reputation.
Clause II: Registered Office of the company
Every company shall have a registered office from the day on which it begins to carry.
Clause III: The objects of the company
The objects clause defines the sphere of the company’s activities, the aims that its formation seeks to achieve, and the kind of activities or business that it proposes to undertake.
Clause IV: Liability Clause
This clause shows whether the liability of the company is limited or unlimited. If it is limited is it by shares or by guarantee?
Clause V: The capital clause
The capital clause of a company states the amount of capital with which it is registered, divided into shares of a fixed amount. The amount of such capital is determined by the cost of starting the business and there is no statutory limitation regarding minimum or maximum. The capital is called authorized, nominal or registered capital.
Clause VI: Association Clause
In a memorandum of association, the association clause is also known as the subscriber/subscription clause.
In the association clause, the subscribers declare that they desire to be formed into a company and agree to take the shares stated against their names.
Articles of Association
The articles of association are the rules and regulations of a company formed for the purpose of internal management.
The articles of association of the company regulate the manner in which the company’s affairs will be managed.
While the memorandum lays down the objects and purposes for which the company is formed, the articles lay down rules and regulations for the attainment of these objects.
Contents of Articles of Association
The following are the clauses contained in the Articles of Association
- Share capital, rights of shareholders, the variation of these rights, payment of commissions, Share certificates
- Lien on shares
- Calls on shares
- Transfer and transmission of shares
- Forfeiture of shares
- Conversion of shares into stock
- Alteration of capital
- General meeting and proceedings thereat
- Voting rights of members; voting & poll; proxies
- Directors, their appointment, remuneration; qualification; powers, and proceedings of the Board of Directors.
- Manager
- Dividends & reserves
- Accounts, Audit, and borrowing powers.
- Winding up.
Legal effects of memorandum and articles of association
The memorandum and articles of association, when registered, bind the company and the members thereof
On registration, the memorandum and articles of association of a company become public documents. These documents are available for public inspection in the Registrar’s office on payment of such fees as may be prescribed.
Sample of Memorandum and Articles of Association
The following is the sample of the Memorandum and Articles of Association of a Private Company Limited by Shares
COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES
MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION
OF
EXAMPLE COMPANY LIMITED
The name of the Company is EXAMPLE COMPANY LIMITED.
The registered office of the company will be situated in Tanzania
The Object for which the company is established is to carry on business as a general commercial company, and without limitation to the generality of the foregoing
1.To manufacture, treat, prepare, ferment, process, produce, pack, repack, supply and deal in all types of confectionery items, processed foods such as bread, flour, biscuits, pastry, cakes, confectionery, and other farinaceous and food products and to bake and prepare baking powders and all materials and ingredients generally used in the preparation of bakery products.
2. To carry on all or any of the business or businesses as manufacturers, importers, exporters, dealers, and agents of all kinds of bakery products, including and in particular bread, loaves, biscuits, cakes, buns, pastries, creams, protein foods, maize products, cornflakes, canned fruits and vegetables, butter, ghee, cheese and other dairy products, milk goods, malted goods, pickles, jams, jellies, sausages, milk powder, condensed milk, chocolates, toffees, sweets, aerated and mineral water.
3. To borrow or receive money on deposit either without security or secured by debentures, debenture stock (perpetual or terminable) mortgage, or other security charged on the undertaking or on all or any of the assets of the company including uncalled capital.
4. To enter into an arrangement for joint working in business or amalgamate with or enter into any partnership or arrangement for sharing profits, the union of interest, reciprocal concession, or cooperation with any company, firm, or person carrying on or proposing to carry on any business within the objects of this company or which is capable of being carried on so as directly or indirectly to benefit of this company.
5. To purchase, take, hire and otherwise acquire any lands, building or property, real and personal, and any rights or privileges which may be used for the purposes of or capable of being conveniently used in connection with, any of the objects of the company.
6. To enter any arrangements with any government authorities or any person, the company in association is necessary to promote any of the company objects.
The Liability of the members is Limited.
The share capital of the company is USD 60,000,000 divided into One Thousand (1,000) Ordinary shares of USD 10,000/= each and the company shall have the power to increase its capital and to divide the shares in its capital for the time being into several classes of stock or shares and to attach thereto respectively such preferential, deferred or in accordance with the Articles of Association of the company.
We the several persons whose names and addresses are subscribed are desirous of being formed into a company in pursuance of this Memorandum of Association and we agree to take the number of shares in the capital of the company set opposite our respective names:
S.N | Name, Address and Description of Subscriber | Number of Shares taken | Signature |
---|---|---|---|
1 | John Anson John P.O Box 100 Dar es salaam | 500 | J.A |
2 | Johnson Frank Anderson P.O Box 100 Dar es salaam | 250 | J.A |
3 | Neumes Shaw Michael P.O Box 100 Dar es salaam | 250 | N.M |
Dated at [place] this ………………….. day of ……………………20..
Witness to the above signature:
Name: Zarbon Singer
Signature: …………………………………………….
Address: {adrress]
Qualifications: Commissioner for oath
COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES
ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION
OF
EXAMPLE COMPANY LIMITED
The regulation of Table ‘A’ in the First Schedule to the Companies Act (hereinafter called Table ‘A’ shall apply to this Company as its Articles of Association.
DIRECTORS
1. (a) Until otherwise determined by the Company in general meeting the Directors shall be not less than two and not more than four.
(b) The following persons shall be the first Directors to the Company:-
- John Anson John
- Johnson Frank Anderson
- Neumes Shaw Michael
S.N | Name, Address and Description of Subscriber | Number of Shares taken | Signature |
---|---|---|---|
1 | John Anson John P.O Box 100 Dar es salaam | 500 | J.A |
2 | Johnson Frank Anderson P.O Box 100 Dar es salaam | 250 | J.A |
3 | Neumes Shaw Michael P.O Box 100 Dar es salaam | 250 | N.M |
Dated at [place] this ………………….. day of ……………………20..
Witness to the above signature:
Name: Zarbon Singer
Signature: …………………………………………….
Postal Address: [address]
Qualifications: Commissioner for oath
TABLE A
PART I
REGULATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF A PUBLIC COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES
Interpretation
01. In these Regulations
”the Act” means the Companies Act;
”the articles” means the articles of the company;
”clear days” in relation to the period of a notice means that period excluding the day when the notice is given or on which it is to take effect;
”the holder” in relation to shares means the member whose name is entered in the register of members as the holder of the shares;
”the seal” means the common seal of the company;
”Secretary” means the secretary of the company or any person appointed to perform the duties of the secretary of the company. Expressions referred to the writing shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as including references to printing, lithography, photography, and other modes of representing or reproducing words in a visible form. Unless the context otherwise requires, words or expressions contained in these Regulations shall bear the same meaning as in the Act or any statutory modification thereof in force at the date at which these regulations become binding on the company.
Share Capital and Variation of Rights
2. Subject to the provisions of the Act, and without prejudice to any rights attached to any existing shares, any share may be issued with such rights or restrictions, whether in regard to dividend, voting, return of capital or otherwise as the company may by ordinary resolution determine.
3. Subject to the provisions of section 61 of the Act, any shares may, with the sanction of an ordinary resolution, be issued on the terms that they are, or at the option of the company are liable, to be redeemed on such terms and in such manner as the company before the issue of the shares may by special resolution determine.
4. If at any time the share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class (unless otherwise provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class) may, whether or not the company is being wound up, be varied with the consent in writing of the holders of three-fourths of the issued shares of that class, or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate general meeting of the holders of the shares of the class. To every such separate general meeting, the provisions of these Regulations relating to general meetings shall apply, but so that the necessary quorum shall be two persons at least holding or representing by proxy one-third of the issued shares of the class and that any holder of shares of the class present in person or by proxy may demand a poll.
5. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares of any class shall not, unless otherwise expressly provided by the terms of issue of the shares of that class, be deemed to be varied by the creation or issue of further shares ranking pari passu therewith.
6. The company may exercise the powers of paying commissions conferred by section 56 of the Act. Subject to the provisions of the Act, such commission may be satisfied by the payment of cash or the allotment of fully or partly paid shares or partly in one way and partly in the other.
7. Except as required by law, no person shall be recognized by the company as holding any share upon any trust, and the company shall not be bound by or be compelled in any way to recognize (even when having notice thereof) any equitable, contingent, future or partial interest in any share or any interest in any fractional part of a share or (except as otherwise provided by the articles or by law) any other rights or interests in respect of any share except an absolute right to the entirety thereof in the registered holder.
Share Certificates
8. Every member, upon becoming the holder of any shares, shall be entitled without payment to receive within two months after allotment or lodgment of transfer (or within such other period as the conditions of issue shall provide) one certificate for all the shares of each class held by him (and, upon transferring a part of his holding of shares of any class, to a certificate for the balance of such holding) or several certificates each for one or more of his shares upon payment for every certificate after the first such reasonable sum as the directors may determine. Every certificate shall be sealed with the seal and shall specify the number, class and distinguishing numbers (if any) of the shares to which it relates and the amount or respective amounts paid thereon. In respect of a share of shares held jointly by several persons, the company shall not be bound to issue more than one certificate, and delivery of a certificate for a share to one joint holder shall be sufficient delivery to all joint holders.
9. If a share certificate is defaced, worn out, lost or destroyed, it may be renewed on such terms (if any) as to evidence and indemnity and payment of expenses reasonably incurred by the company in investigating evidence as the directors may determine but otherwise free of charge, and (in the case of defacement or wearing out) on delivery up of the old certificate.
Lien
10. The company shall have a first and paramount lien on every share (not being a fully paid share) for all moneys (whether presently payable or not) called or payable at a fixed time in respect of that share; but the directors may at any time declare any share to be wholly or in part exempt from the provisions of this regulation. The company’s lien, if any, on a share shall extend to any amounts payable in respect of it
.
11. The company may sell, in such manner as the directors determine, any shares on which the company has a lien if a sum in respect of which the lien exists is presently payable and is not paid within fourteen clear days after a notice in writing has been given to the holder of the share, or the person entitled thereto by reason of the death or bankruptcy of the holder, demanding payment and stating that if the notice is not complied with the shares may be sold.
12. To give effect to any such sale the directors may authorise some person to transfer the shares sold to, or in accordance with the directions of, the purchaser thereof The purchaser shall be registered as the holder of the shares comprised in any such transfer, and he shall not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money, nor shall his title to the shares be affected by any irregularity or invalidity in the proceedings in reference to the sale.
13. The net proceeds of the sale shall be received by the company and applied in payment of such part of the amount in respect of which the lien exists as is presently payable, and the residue, if any, shall (upon surrender to the company for cancellation of the certificate for the shares sold and subject to a like lien for sums not presently payable as existed upon the shares before the sale) be paid to the person entitled to the shares, at the date of the sale.
Calls on Shares
14. Subject to the terms of allotment, the directors may make calls upon the members in respect of any moneys unpaid on their shares (whether in respect of nominal value or premium) and not by the conditions of allotment thereof made payable at fixed times, provided that no call shall exceed one-fourth of the nominal value of the share or be payable at less than one month from the date fixed for the payment of the last preceding call, and each member shall (subject to receiving at least fourteen clear days notice specifying when and where payment is to be made) pay to the company as required by the notice the amount called on his shares. A call may be required to be paid by installments. A call may, before receipt by the company of any sum due thereunder, be revoked in whole or part and payment of a call may be postponed in whole or part. A person upon whom a call is made shall remain liable for calls made upon him notwithstanding the subsequent transfer of the shares in respect of which the call was made.
15. A call shall be deemed to have been made at the time when the resolution of the directors authorising the call was passed.
16. The joint holders of a share shall be jointly and severally liable to pay all calls in respect thereof.
17. If a call remains unpaid after it has become due and payable, the person from whom the sum is due shall pay interest on the amount unpaid from the day it became due and payable to the time of actual payment at the rate fixed by the term of allotment of the share or, if no rate is fixed, at a rate not exceeding five percent per annum as the directors may determine, but the directors may waive payment of such interest wholly or in part.
18. An amount payable in respect of a share on allotment or at any fixed date, whether in respect of nominal value or premium or as an installment of a call, shall be deemed to be a call, and if it is not paid the provisions of the articles shall apply as if that amount had become due and payable by virtue of a call.
19. Subject to the terms of allotment, the directors may, on the issue of shares, differentiate between the holders as to the amount of calls to be paid and the times of payment.
20. The directors may, if they think fit, receive from any member willing to advance the same, all or any part of the moneys un-called and unpaid upon any shares held by him, and upon all or any of the moneys so advanced may (until the same would, but for such advance, become [payable) pay interest at such rate not exceeding ( unless the company in general meeting shall otherwise direct) six per cent per annum, as may be agreed upon between the directors and the members paying such sum in advance.
Transfer of Shares
21. The instrument of transfer of any share shall be in any usual form or any other form which the directors may approve and shall be executed by or on behalf of the transferor and, unless the share is fully paid up, by or on behalf of the transferee, and the transferor shall be deemed to remain a holder of the share until the name of the transferee is entered in the register of members in respect thereof
22. The director may refuse to register the transfer of a share which is not fully paid to a person of whom they do not approve and they may refuse to register the transfer of a share on which the company has a lien. They may also refuse to register a transfer unless
(a) it is lodged at the office or such other place as the directors may appoint, and is accompanied by the certificate of the shares to which it relates, and such other evidence as the directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer; and
(b) it is in respect of only one class of share; and
(c) it is in favor of not more than four transferees.
23. If the directors refuse to register a transfer they shall within sixty days after the date on which the transfer was lodged with the company send to the transferee notice of the refusal.
24. The registration of transfers of shares or any transfers of any class of shares may be suspended at such times and for such periods (not exceeding thirty days in any year) as the directors may determine.
25. No fee shall be charged for the registration of any instrument of transfer or other document relating to or affecting title to any share.
Transmission of Shares
26. In case of the death of a member, the survivor of survivors where the deceased was a joint holder, and the personal representatives of the deceased where he was a sole holder or the only survivor of joint holders, shall be the only persons recognised by the company as having any title to his interest in the shares; but nothing herein contained shall release the estate of a deceased member from any liability in respect of any share which had been jointly held by him.
27. A person becoming entitled to a share in consequence of the death or bankruptcy of a member may, upon such evidence being produced as may properly be required by the directors and subject as hereinafter provided, either elect by notice to the company to be registered as holder of the share, or elect to have some person nominated by him registered as the transferee in which case he shall execute the appropriate instrument of transfer. All the articles relating to the right to transfer of shares shall apply to any such notice or transfer as if it were an instrument of transfer executed by the member and the death or bankruptcy of the member had not occurred.
28. A person becoming entitled to a share by reason of the death or bankruptcy of the holder shall have the rights to which he would be entitled if he were the registered holder of the share, except that he shall not, before being registered as the holder of the share, be entitled in respect of it to exercise any right conferred by membership in relation to meetings of the company.
Alteration of Capital
29. If a call remains unpaid after it has become due and payable, the directors may give to the person from whom it is due not less than fourteen clear days notice requiring payment of the amount unpaid, together with any interest which may have accrued. The notice shall name the place where payment is to be made and shall state that if the notice is not complied with, the shares in respect of which the call was made will be liable to be forfeited.
30. If the notice is not complied with, any share in respect of which it was given may, before the payment required by the notice has been made, be forfeited by a resolution of the directors to that effect and the forfeiture shall include all dividends or other moneys payable in respect of the forfeited shares and not paid before the forfeiture.
31. Subject to the provisions of this Act, a forfeited share maybe sold, re-allotted or otherwise disposed of on such terms and in such manner as the directors determine either to the person who was before the forfeiture the holder or to any other person, and at any time before a sale, re-allotment or other disposition the forfeiture may be cancelled on such terms as the directors think fit. Where for the purposes of its disposal a forfeited share is to be transferred to any person, the directors may authorise some person to execute an instrument of transfer of the share in question.
32. A person any of whose shares have been forfeited shall cease to be a member in respect of the forfeited shares and shall surrender to the company for cancellation the certificate for the shares forfeited, but shall remain liable to the company for all moneys which, at the date of forfeiture, were payable by him to the company in respect of the shares, but his liability shall cease if and when the company shall have received payment in full of all such moneys in respect of the shares, but the directors may waive payment wholly or in part or enforce payment without any allowance for the value of the shares at the time of forfeiture of for any consideration received on their disposal.
33. A statutory declaration by a director or the secretary that a share has been forfeited on a date stated in the declaration shall be conclusive evidence of the facts stated therein as against all persons claiming to be entitled to the share, and the declaration shall (subject to the execution of an instrument of transfer if necessary) constitute a good title to the share, and the person to whom the share is disposed of shall not be bound to see to the application of the consideration, if any, nor shall his title to the share be affected by any irregularity or invalidity of the proceedings in reference to the forfeiture or disposal of the share.
Alteration of Capital
34. The company may by ordinary resolution:
(a) increase its share capital by new shares of such amount, as the resolution prescribes;
(b) Consolidate and divide all or any of its share capital into shares of larger amount than its existing shares;
(c) subject to the provisions of section 65(l) (d) of the Act, sub-divide its existing shares, or any of them, into shares of smaller amount than is fixed by the memorandum of association;
(d) cancel shares which, at the date of the passing of the resolution, have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of it share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled.
35. Whenever as a result of a consolidation of shares any members would become entitled to fractions of a share, the directors may, on behalf of those members, sell the shares representing the fractions for the best price reasonably obtainable to any person (including subject to the provisions of this Act, the company) and distribute the net proceeds of sale in due proportion among those members, and the directors may authorise some person to execute an instrument of transfer of the shares to or in accordance with the directions of the purchaser. The transferee shall not be bound to see to the application of the purchase money nor shall his title to the share be affected by any irregularity in or invalidity of the proceedings in reference to the sale.
36. Subject to the provisions of the Act, the company may by special resolution reduce its share capital, any capital redemption reserve fund or any share premium account in any way.
37. The company shall in each year hold a general meeting as its annual general meeting in addition to any other meetings in that year, and shall specify the meeting as such in the notices calling it; and not more than fifteen months shall elapse between the date of one annual general meeting of the company and that of the next.
38. All general meetings other than annual general meetings shall be called extraordinary general meetings.
39. The directors may, whenever they think fit, call an extraordinary general meeting, and extraordinary general meetings shall also be convened on such requistionists, or, in default, maybe convened by such requistionists, as provided by section 134 of the Act. If at any time there are not within the Territory sufficient directors to call the meeting, any director or any two members of the company may call the meeting in the same manner as nearly as possible as that in which meetings may be convened by the directors.
Notice of General Meetings
40. Every general meeting shall be called by twenty-one clear days notice in writing. The notice shall specify the time and place of the meeting and the general nature of the business and, in the case of an annual general meeting, shall specify the meeting as such; Provided that a meeting of the company may be called by shorter notice if it is so agreed:
(a) in the case of an annual general meeting, by all the members entitled to attend and vote thereat; and
(b) in the case of any other meeting by a majority in number of the members having a right to attend and vote at the meeting, being a majority together holding not less than 95 per cent in nominal value of the shares giving that right.
41. Subject to the provisions of the articles and to any restrictions imposed on any shares, the notice shall be given to all the members, to all persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death or bankruptcy of a member and to the directors and auditors. The accidental omissions to give notice of a meeting to, or the non-receipt of notice of a meeting by, any person entitled to receive notice shall not invalidate the proceedings at the meeting.
Proceedings at General Meetings
42. All business shall be deemed special that is transacted at an extra ordinary general meeting, and also all that is transacted at an annual general meeting, with the exception of declaring a dividend, the consideration of the accounts, and the reports of the directors and auditors, the election of directors in the place of those retiring and the appointment of, and the fixing of the remuneration of, the auditors.
43. No business shall be transacted at any general meeting unless a quorum of members is present at the time when the meeting proceeds to business; two persons entitled to vote on the business to be transacted, each being a member or a proxy for a member or a duly authorised representative of a corporation, shall be a quorum.
44. If within half an hour from the time appointed for the meeting a quorum is not present, or if during the course of a meeting a quorum ceases to be present, the meeting shall stand adjourned to the same day in the next week, at the same time and place or to such other day at such other time and place as the directors may determine.
45. The chairman, if any, of the board of directors or in his absence some other director nominated by the directors shall preside as chairman of the general meeting, but if neither the chairman nor such other director (if any) be present within fifteen minutes after the time appointed for the holding of the meeting and willing to act, the directors present shall elect one of their number to be chairman of the meeting and, if there is only one director present and willing to act, he shall be chairman.
46. If at any meeting no director is willing to act as chairman or if no director is Present within fifteen minutes after the time appointed for holding the meeting, the members present shall choose one of their number to be chairman of the meeting.
47. A director shall, notwithstanding that he is not a member, be entitled to attend and speak at a general meeting and at any separate meeting of the holders of any class of shares in the company
.
48. The chairman may, with the consent of any meeting at which a quorum is present and shall if so directed by the meeting), adjourn the meeting from time to time and from place to place, but no business shall be transacted at any adjourned meeting other than the business which might properly have been transacted at the meeting had the adjournment not taken place. When a meeting is adjourned for fourteen days or more, at least seven clear days and the general nature of the business to be transacted at an adjourned meeting.
49. At any general meeting a resolution put to the vote of the meeting shall be decided on a show of hands unless a poll is (before or on the declaration of the result of the show of hands) demanded:
(a) by the chairman or;
(b) by at least two members having the right to vote at the meeting; or
(c) by a member or members representing not less than one-tenth of the total voting rights of all the members having the right to vote at the meeting; or
(d) by a member or members holding shares conferring a right to vote at the meeting being shares on which an aggregate sum has been paid up equal to not less than one-tenth of the total sum paid up on all the shares conferring that right; and a demand by a person as proxy for a member shall be the same as a demand by the member.
50. Unless a poll be so demanded, a declaration by the chairman that a resolution has on a show of hands been carried or carried unanimously, or by a particular majority, or lost, or not carried by a particular majority and an entry to that effect in the minutes of the meeting shall be evidence of that fact.
51. The demand for a poll may, before the poll is taken, be withdrawn.
52. Except as provided in article 54, if a poll is duly demanded it shall be taken in such manner as the chairman directs, and the result of the poll shall be deemed to be the resolution of the meeting at which the poll was demanded.
53. In the case of an equality of votes, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, the chairman of the meeting shall be entitled to a casting vote in addition to any other vote he may have.
54. A poll demanded on the election of a chairman or on a question of adjournment shall be taken immediately. A poll demanded on any other question shall be taken either immediately or at such time not being more than thirty days after the poll is demanded as the chairman of the meeting directs, and any business other than that upon which a poll has been demanded may be preceded with pending the taking of the poll.
55. A resolution in writing executed by or on behalf of each member who would have been entitled to vote upon it if it had been proposed at a general meeting at which he was present shall have effect as if it had been passed at a general meeting duly convened and held, and may consist of several instruments in the like form each executed by or on behalf of one or more members.
Votes of Members
56. Subject to any rights or restrictions attached to any share or class or classes of shares, on a show of hands every member (being an individual) present in person or (being a corporation) present by a duly authorised representative, not being himself a member entitled to vote, and on a poll every member shall have one vote for each share of which he is the holder.
57. In the case of joint holders the vote of the senior who tenders a vote, whether in person or by proxy, shall be accepted to the exclusion of the votes of the other joint holders; and for this purpose seniority shall be determined by the order in which the names stand in the register of members.
58. A member in respect of whose estate a manager has been appointed under section 26 of the Mental Diseases Ordinance, may vote, whether on a show of hands or on a poll, by his manager, and any such manager may, on a poll, vote by proxy.
59. No member shall be entitled to vote at a general meeting or at a separate meeting of the holders of any class of shares in the company unless all calls or other sums presently payable by him in respect of shares in the company have been paid.
60. No objection shall be raised to the qualification of any voter except at the meeting or adjourned meeting at which the vote objected to is tendered, and every vote not disallowed at such meeting shall be valid for all purposes. Any objection made in due time shall be referred to the chairman of the meeting, whose decision shall be final and conclusive.
61. On a poll votes may be given either personally or by proxy. A member may appoint more than one proxy to attend on the same occasion.
62. The instrument appointing proxy shall be in writing executed by or on behalf of the appointer or of his attorney duty authorised in writing, or, if the appoint or is a corporation, either under seal, or under the hand of an officer or attorney duly authorised. A proxy need not be a member of the company.
63. The instrument appointing a proxy and any authority under which it is executed a copy of that authority certified notarially or in such other manner as approved by the directors shall be deposited at the registered office of the company or at such other place within the Tanzania as is specified for that purpose in the notice convening the meeting, not less than 48 hours before the time for holding the meeting or adjourned meeting at which the person named in the instrument proposes to vote, or, in the case of a poll, not less than 24 hours before the time appointed for the taking of the poll, and in default the instrument of proxy shall not be treated as valid.
64. An instrument appointing a proxy shall be in the following form or a form as near thereto as circumstances admit:
………………………………….Limited……………………………..
I/we…………………………………of……………………………………. being Member/members of the above named company,
hereby appoint…………………………….. of…………………………………… or failing him,
…………………………….of………………………………. as my/our proxy to vote for me/us on my/our behalf at the (annual or
extraordinary, as the case may be) general meeting of the company to be held on……………………….. the day of
…………………………….. I and at any adjournment thereof.
Signed this……………………………. day of…………………………………..20……
65. Where it is desired to afford members an opportunity of voting for or against a resolution the instrument appointing a proxy shall be in the following form or a form as near thereto as circumstances admit:
………………………………….Limited……………………………..
I/we…………………………………of……………………………………. being Member/members of the above named company,
hereby appoint…………………………….. of…………………………………… or failing him,
…………………………….of………………………………. as my/our proxy to vote for me/us on my/our behalf at the (annual or
extraordinary, as the case may be) general meeting of the company to be held on……………………….. the day of
…………………………….. I and at any adjournment thereof.
Signed this……………………………. day of…………………………………..20……
This form is to be used * in favour of/against resolutions I 1 /2/3 etc. ~. Unless otherwise instructed, the proxy will vote as he thinks fit or abstain from voting.
66. The instrument appointing a proxy shall be deemed to confer authority to demand or join in demanding a poll.
67. A vote given in accordance with the terms of an instrument of proxy, or poll demanded by proxy, or by the duly authorised representative of a corporation shall be valid notwithstanding the previous determination was received by the company at its registered office (or at such other place at which the instrument or proxy was duly deposited) before the commencement of the meeting or adjourned meeting at which the proxy is used.
Corporations acting by Representatives at Meetings
68. Any corporation which is a member of the company may by resolution of its directors or other governing body authorise such person as it thinks fit to act as its representative at any meeting of the company or of any class of members of the company, and the person so authorised shall be entitled to exercise the same powers on behalf of the corporation which he represents as that corporation could exercise if it were an individual member of the company
Directors
69. The number of the directors and the names of the first directors shall be determined in writing by the subscribers of the memorandum of association or a majority of them and until such determination the signatories to the Memorandum of Association shall be the first directors. Unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, the number of directors shall not be subject to any maximum but shall be not less than two.
70. The shareholding qualification for directors may be fixed by the company in general meeting, and unless and until so fixed no qualification shall be required.
Powers and Duties of Directors
71. Subject to the provisions of the Act, the memorandum and the articles and to any directions given by special resolution, the business of the company shall be managed by the directors, who may exercise all the powers of the company. No alteration of the memorandum or articles and no such directions shall invalidate any prior act of the directors which would otherwise have been valid. The powers given by this article shall not be limited by any special power given to the directors by the articles and a meeting of directors at which a quorum is present may exercise all powers exercisable by the directors.
72. The directors may by power of attorney appoint any person to be the attorney or agent of the company for such purposes and on such conditions as they determine, including authority for the attorney or agent to delegate all or any of his powers.
73. The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, and to mortgage or charge its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, or any part thereof, and to issue debentures, debenture stock, and other securities whether outright or as security for any debt, liability or obligation of the company or of any third party.
74. The company may exercise the powers conferred upon the company by sections 124 to 127 of the Act with regard to the keeping of a branch register, and the directors may (subject to the provisions of those sections) make and vary such regulations as they may think fit respecting the keeping of any such register.
Directors’ Appointments and Interests
75. The directors may appoint one or more of their number to the office of managing director or to any other executive office under the company and may enter into an agreement or arrangement with any director for his employment by the company or for the provision by him of any services outside the scope of the ordinary duties of a director. Any such appointment, agreement or arrangement may be made on such terms as the directors determine and they may remunerate any such director for his services as they think fit. Any appointment of a director to an executive office shall terminate if he ceases to be a director, but without prejudice to any claim to damages for breach of the contract of service between the director and the company. A managing director and a director holding any other executive office shall not be subject to retirement by rotation.
76. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with the company shall declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of the directors in accordance with section 209 of the Act.
77. Subject to the provisions for the Act, and provided that he has disclosed to the directors the nature and extent of any material interest of his, a director notwithstanding his office (a) may be a party to, or otherwise interested in, any transaction or arrangement with the company or in which the company is otherwise interested; (b) may be a director or other officer of, or employed by, or a party to any transaction or arrangement with, or otherwise interested in any body corporate promoted by the company or in which the company may be interested; (c) shall not, by reason of his office, be accountable to the company for any benefit which he derives from any such office or employment remuneration or other benefits received by him as a director or officer of, or from his interest in, such other company unless the company otherwise directs. Provided that nothing herein contained shall authorise a director or his firm to act as auditor to the company.
78. For the purposes of articles 76 and 77 (a) a general notice given to the directors that a director is to be regarded as having an interest of the nature and extent specified in the notice in any transaction or arrangement in which a specified person or class of persons is interested shall be deemed to be a disclosure that the director has an interest in such transaction of the nature and extent specified; and (b) an interest of which a director has no knowledge and of which it is unreasonable to expect him to have knowledge shall not be treated as an interest of his.
79. All cheques, promissory notes, drafts, bills of exchange and other negotiable instruments, and all receipts for moneys paid to the company, shall be signed, drawn accepted, endorsed, or otherwise executed in such manner as the directors shall from time to time by resolution determine.
Minutes
80. The directors shall cause minutes to be made in books kept for the purpose
(a) of all appointments of officers made by the directors;
(b) of the names of the directors present at each meeting of the directors and of any committee of the directors;
(c) of all resolutions and proceedings at all meetings of the company, of the holders of any class of shares in the company, and of the directors, and of committees of directors.
Remuneration and Expenses; Gratuities and Pensions
81. The remuneration of the directors shall be determined by ordinary resolution of the company and, unless the resolution otherwise provides, such remuneration shall be deemed to accrue from day to day. The directors may also be paid all travelling, hotel and other expenses properly incurred by them in attending and returning from meetings of the directors or any committee of the directors or general meetings or separate meetings of the holders of any class of shares or of debentures of the company or otherwise in connection with the business of the company.
82. The directors on behalf of the company may pay a gratuity or pension or allowance on retirement to any director who had held any other salaries office or place of profit with the company or to his widow or dependants and may make contributions to any fund and pay premiums for the purchase or provisions of any such gratuity, pension or allowance.
Disqualification and Removal of Directors
83. The office of director shall be vacated if the director(a) ceases to be a director by virtue of any provision of the Act or he becomes prohibited by law from being a director; or (b) becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally; or (c) becomes of unsound mind; or (d) resigns his office by notice in writing to the company; or (c) shall for more than six consecutive months have been absent without permission of the directors from meetings of the directors held during that period and the directors resolve that his office be vacated. Appointment and Retirement of Directors
84. The company may by ordinary resolution appoint a person who is willing to act to be a director either to fill a vacancy or to be an additional director.
85. The directors may appoint a person who is willing to act to be a director, either to fill a vacancy or as an additional director, provided that the total number of directors does not exceed the number fixed by or in accordance with these articles. A director so appointed shall hold office only until the next following annual general meeting, and shall then be eligible for re-election
.
86. The company may by ordinary resolution, of which special notice has been given in accordance with section 144 of the Act, remove any director before the expiration of his period of office notwithstanding anything in these articles or in any agreement between the company and the director. Such removal shall be without prejudice to any claim the director may have for damages for breach of any service contract with the company.
87. The company may by ordinary resolution appoint another person in place of a director removed from office under the immediately preceding regulation, and without prejudice to the powers of the directors under article 85 the company may by ordinary resolution appoint any person to be a director either to fill a vacancy or as an additional director.
Proceedings of Directors
88. Subject to the provisions of the articles, the directors may regulate their meetings as they think fit. Questions arising at a meeting shall be decided by a majority of votes. In case of an equality of votes, the chairman shall have a second or casting vote. A director may, and the secretary at the request of a director shall, call a meeting of the directors, It shall not be necessary to give notice of a meeting directors to any director who is absent from the Tanzania.
89. The quorum necessary for the transaction of the business of the directors may be fixed by the directors and unless so fixed shall be two.
90. The continuing directors may act notwithstanding any vacancy in their number, but, if their number is reduced below the number fixed as the necessary quorum, the continuing directors or director may act only for the purpose of filling vacancies or of calling a general meeting.
91. The directors may appoint one of their number to be the chairman of the board of directors and determine the period of which he is to hold office. Unless he is unwilling to do so, the director so appointed shall preside at every meeting of directors as which he is present. But if no such chairman is appointed, or if he is unwilling to preside, or if at any meeting the chairman is not present within five minutes after the time appointed for holding the same, directors present may choose one of their number to be chairman of the meeting.
92. The directors may delegate any of their powers to any committee consisting of one or more directors; any committee so formed shall in the exercise of the powers so delegated conform to any regulations that may be imposed on it by the directors. Subject to any such regulations, the proceedings of a Committee with two or more members shall be governed by the articles regulating the proceedings of directors so far as they are capable of applying.
93. A acts done by a meeting of the directors or of a committee of directors or by a person acting as a director shall, notwithstanding that it be after-wards discovered that there was some defect in the appointment of any such director, or that any of them were disqualified from holding office, or had vacated office, or were not entitled to vote, be as valid as if every such person had been duly appointed and was qualified and had continued to be a director and was entitled to vote.
94. A resolution in writing, signed by all the directors entitled to receive notice of a meeting of the directors, or of a committee of directors, shall be as valid and effectual as if it had been passed at a meeting of the directors or (as the case may be) a committee of directors duly convened and held, and may consist of several documents in the like form each signed by one or more directors.
95. Save as otherwise provided in the articles, a director shall not vote at a meeting of directors or of a committee of directors on any resolution concerning a matter in which he has, directly or indirectly, an interest or duty which is material and which conflicts or may conflict with the interests of the company. Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of the Act, an interest of a person who is connected with a director shall be treated as an interest of the director.
96. A director shall not be counted in the quorum present at a meeting in relation to a resolution on which he is not entitled to vote.
97. The company may by ordinary resolution suspend or relax to any extent, either generally or in respect of any particular matter, any provision of the articles prohibiting a director from voting at a meeting of directors or of a committee of directors.
98. Where proposals are under consideration concerning the appointment of two or more directors to offices or employment with the company or anybody corporate in which the company is interested, the proposals may be divided and considered in relation to each director separately and (provided he is not for another reason precluded from voting) each of the directors concerned shall be entitled to vote and be counted in the quorum in respect of each resolution except than concerning his own appointment.
99. If a question arises at a meeting of directors or of a committee of directors as to the right of a director to vote, the question may, before the conclusion of the meeting, be referred to the chairman of the meeting and his ruling in relation to any director other than himself shall be final and conclusive.
Secretary
100. The secretary shall be appointed by the directors for such term, at such remuneration and upon such conditions as they may think fit; and any secretary so appointed may be removed by them.
101. A provision of the Act or these Regulations requiring or authorising a thing to be done by or to a director and the secretary shall not be satisfied by its being done by or to the same person acting both as director and as, or in place of, the secretary.
The Seal
102. The seal shall only be used by the authority of the directors or of a committee of the directors authorised by the directors. The directors may determine who shall sign any instrument to which the seal is affixed and unless otherwise so determined it shall be signed by a director and by the secretary or by a second director.
Dividends and Reserve
103. Subject to section 180 of the Act, the company may by ordinary resolution declare dividends in accordance with the respective rights of the members, but no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by the directors.
104. Subject to the provisions of the Act, the directors may from time to time pay to the members such interim dividends as appear to the directors to be justified by the profits of the company available for distribution.
105. The directors may, before recommending any dividend, set aside out of the profits of the company such sums as they think proper as a reserve or reserves which shall, at the discretion of the directors, be applicable for any purpose to which the profits of the company may be properly applied, and pending such application may, at the like discretion, either be employed in the business of the company or be invested in such investments (other than shares of the company) as the directors may from time to time think fit. The directors may also without placing the same to reserve carry for-ward and any profits which they may think prudent not to divide.
106. Except as otherwise provided by the tights attached to shares, all dividends shall be declared and paid according to the amounts paid on the shares in respect of which the dividend is paid. All dividends shall be apportioned and paid proportionately to the amounts paid on the shares during any portion or portions of the period in respect of which the dividend is paid; but if any share is issued on terms providing that it shall rank for dividend as from a particular date, that share shall rank for dividend accordingly.
107. Any general meeting declaring a dividend may, upon the recommendation of the directors, direct payment of such dividend wholly or partly by the distribution of assets and, where any difficult arises in regard to the distribution, the directors may settle the same, and in particular may issue fractional certificates and fix the value for distribution of any assets and may determine that cash payments shall be made to any members upon the footing of the value so fixed in order to adjust the rights of members, and may vest any assets in trustees.
108. Any dividend, interest or other moneys payable in cash in respect of shares may be paid by cheque sent through the post to the registered address of the holder or, in the case of joint holders, to the registered address of that one of the joint holders who is first named in the register of members or to such person and to such address as the holder or joint holders may in writing direct. Every such cheque or warrant shall be made payable to the order of the person to whom it is sent, and payment of the cheque shall be a good discharge to the company Any one of two or more joint holders may give effectual receipts for any dividends or other moneys payable in respect of the shares held by them as joint holders.
109. No dividend or other moneys payable in respect of a share shall bear interest against the company unless otherwise provided by the rights attached to the share.
110. Any dividend which has remained unclaimed for twelve years from the date when it became due for payment shall, if the directors so resolve, be forfeited and cease to remain owing by the company.
Accounts
111. The directors shall cause proper books of account to be kept with respect to:
(a) all sums of money received and expended by the company and the matters in respect of which the receipt and expenditure takes place;
(b) all sales and purchases of goods by the company; and
(c) the assets and liabilities of the company. Proper books shall not be deemed to be kept if there are not kept such books of account as are necessary to give a true and fair view of the state of the company’s affairs and to explain its transactions.
112. The books of account shall be kept at the registered office of the company, or, subject to section 151 (4) of the Act, at such other place or places as the directors think fit, and shall always be open to the inspection of the directors.
113. No member shall (as such) have any right of inspecting any accounting records or other book or document of the company except as conferred by statute or authorised by the directors or by ordinary resolution of the company.
114. The directors shall, in accordance with sections 153, 155 and 159 of the Act, cause to be prepared and to be laid before the company in general meeting such profit and loss accounts, balance sheets, cash flow statements, group accounts (if any) and reports as are referred to in those sections.
115. In accordance with section 163 of the Act, the copy of the company’s annual accounts to be laid before the company in general meeting together with a copy of the director’s report and the auditor’s report shall not less than twenty-one days before the date of the meeting be sent to every member of, and every holder of debentures of, the company. Provided that this regulation shall not require a copy of those documents to be sent to any person of whose address the company is not aware or to more than one of the joint holders of any shares or debentures.
Capitalisation of Profits
116. The directors may, with the authority of an ordinary resolution of the company:
(a) Resolve to capitalise any part of the amount for the time being standing to the credit of any of the company’s reserve accounts or to the credit of the profit and loss account or otherwise available for distribution, and that such sum be capitalised to the members who would have been entitled to it were distributed by way of dividend and in the same proportions and apply such sum either in or towards paying up any amounts for the time being unpaid on any shares held by such members respectively or in paying up in full in issued shares or debentures of the company to be allotted and distributed;
(b) Make such provision the issue of fractional certificates or by payment in cash or otherwise as they think fit for the case of shares or debentures becoming distributable in fractions, and authorise any person to enter on behalf of all the members entitled thereto into an agreement with the company providing for the allotment to them respectively, credited as fully paid up, of any shares or debentures to which they are entitled upon such capitalisation, and any agreement made under such authority shall be effective and binding on all such members.
Audit
117. Auditors shall be appointed and their duties regulated in accordance with sections 170 to 179 of the Act.
Notices
118. Any notice to be given to or by any person pursuant to the articles shall be in writing except that a notice calling a meeting of directors need not be in writing. The company may give any notice to a member wither personally or by sending it by post in a prepaid envelop addressed to the member at his registered address, or by leaving it at that address. Where a notice is sent by post, service of the notice shall be deemed to be effected by properly addressing, preparing, and posting a letter containing the notice, and to have been effected at the expiration of (seventy-two) hours after the letter containing the sarne was posted. A member whose registered address is not within the Tanzania and who gives to the company and address within the Tanzania at which notices may be given him shall be entitled to receive any notice from the company.
119. A notice maybe given by the company to the joint holders of a share by giving the notice to the joint holder first named in the register of members in respect of the share.
120. A notice may be given by the company to the persons entitled to a share in consequence of the death or bankruptcy of a member by sending or delivering it, in any manner authorised by the articles, addressed to them by name, or by the title of representatives of the deceased, or trustee of the bankrupt, or by any like description, at the address, if any, within the Tanzania supplied for the purpose by the persons claiming to be so entitled. Until such an address has been supplied, a notice may be given in any manner in which it might have been given if the death or bankruptcy had not occurred.
121. A member present, either in person or by proxy, at any meeting of the company or of the holders of any class of shares in the company shall be deemed to have received
Winding up
122. If the company is wound up the liquidator may, with sanction of a special resolution of the company and any other sanction required by the Act divide amongst the members in specie the whole or any part of the assets of the company and may, for that purpose, set such value as he deems fair upon any property to be divided and may determined how such division shall be carried out as between the members or different classes of members. The liquidator may, with the like sanction, vest the whole or any part of the assets in trustees upon such trusts for the benefit of the members as the liquidator, with the like sanction, shall determine, but no member shall be complied to accept any shares or other securities upon which there is a liability.
Indemnity
123. Subject to the provisions of the Act, but without prejudice to any indemnity to which a director may otherwise be entitled, every director or other officer or auditor of the company shall be indemnified out of the assets of the company against any liability incurred by him in defending any proceedings, whether civil or criminal, in which judgment is given in his favour or in which he is acquitted or in connection with any application under section 481 of the Act in which relief is granted to him by the court from liability for negligence, default, breach of duty or breach of trust in relation to the affairs of the company.
PART 11
REGULATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT OF A PRIVATE COMPANY LIMITED BY SHARES
1. The regulations contained in Part I of Table A shall apply save for regulation 22.
2. The company is a private company and accordingly:
(a) the right to transfer shares is restricted in manner hereinafter prescribed;
(b) the number of members of the company is limited to fifty as further provided for in the Act;
(c) any invitation to the public to subscribe for any shares or debenture of the public is prohibited;
(d) the company shall not have power to issue share warrants to bearer.
3. The directors may, in their absolute discretion and without assigning any reason there for, decline to register any transfer of any share, whether or not it is a fully paid share.